607 Time Stereo in all its Glory

It is about time I did a record label overview here.  Time Stereo started as a cassette-only label by David Brainard (Princess Dragonmom, Little Princess) and Warn Defever (His Name is Alive).  They expanded to CD-Rs and very artsy box sets as well as other art objects like oven mitts and clouds, and all sorts of interesting collectables.  I've been lucky enough to score some limited prints from them as well as waiting around for the crazy early morning drops of limited box sets.  The website used to be very robust with a lot of incredible information and artwork, and a great discography.  They also used to host an annual Noise Camp which from the pictures and stories sounds freaking amazing.

The music on this label is literally all over the sonic map, while geographically isolated to Livonia, Michigan.  As a rabid fan of His Name Is Alive, I can easily say some of their best material was released on these limited CD-Rs.  The Heart and Hand and Cloud box sets are some of my most prized possessions.  

Here I present two mixes.  One of pleasant music and one of harsh noise.  Several tracks are excerpts as many Time Stereo releases are single tracks that span 40+ minutes.  There is some CD noise on a couple tracks that is unavoidable due to the media I ripped from (CD-Rs with printed sticker labels).  I've collected all I can, but am still missing a lot of the discography which is respectfully very limited and obscure.  If anyone has Time Stereo releases, please reach out to me.  I'd love to obtain copies, or higher quality rips if anyone is willing to share. 

Sort of Immortal:

00:00  ESP Summer - Everything Grows Together

02:48  Control Panel - Broken Tango #5

08:27  IDA - Shrug (Dub)

15:36  Warn Defever - Prayer Wheel

22:52  Denise James - School's Out (Alice Cooper)

26:08  His Name Is Alive - Moon Dance (Van Morrison)

30:20  His Name Is Alive - Moon Don't Go

33:06  Persona - Untitled (Electronic Mud)

33:31  His Name Is Alive - Killing Floor

35:43  His Name Is Alive - The Time Light Bodies Take To Fall

40:03  His Name Is Alive - Untitled (Michigan's Finest)

45:30  Brown Cuts Neighbor - Alice Cooper Space Rider

45:50  Godzuki - Prophecy of Wade

52:34  New Grape - track 3

55:20  Erika Hoffmann - Ragged But Right

57:14  His Name Is Alive - ESP Summer (Ian Masters demo)

60:05  Denise James - Abstract Symphony No 1 (excerpt - Time Piano)

64:28  The JK Band / Westernaires - 3/4 Time (excerpt)

67:59  ESP Family - I Hate The Capitalist System

Download mix 1

Noise Camp Attendance:

00:00  War Machine - side A

04:40  Live ESP - Something

11:30  ESP Beetles - Quiet

19:06  John DeFever - Communist Guitar #4

22:09  Pail Saint - No

28:57  The God Bullies - Broken Time

31:18  Fab 44 - Pyris-7

32:44  His Name Is Alive - Summer of WSP (Aube remix)

39:39  Princess Dragonmom - If He Thinks We're The Devil (Blue Oyster Cult) (Excerpt)

43:58  The Electric Bear - Live at Worm (Excerpt)

46:22  S Van Gelder - No Credit (Excerpt)

47:47  His Name Is Alive - Up Your Legs Forever (Little Princess remix)

49:23  The Hearing Trumpet - Sleepy Lagoon (Excerpt)

51:22  Metal Dungeon - Grids

60:51  Little Princess - Electronaut #2

Download mix 2

486 One-Off Collaborations B

This second mix is more post-metal, industrial metal, and black metal focused.

Mix 2:

00:00  Low & Dirty Three - Lordy

04:14  The Ex & Tortoise - The Lawn of the Limp

08:08  Wavves & Cloud Nothings - Hard to Find

10:53  The Body & Thou - The Devils of Trust Steal the Souls of the Free

12:52  Cult of Luna & Julie Christmas - A Greater Call

20:52  Isis & Aereogramme - Low Tide

29:36  Black Heart Procession & Solbakken - Things Go On With Mistakes

40:15  Emma Ruth Rundle & Thou - Hollywood

45:02  1000 Homo DJs (Ministry & Nine Inch Nails) - Supernaut

51:24  One Day As A Lion (Rage Against The Machine & The Mars Volta) - One Day As A Lion

55:47  Pailhead (Ministry & Fugazi) - I Will Refuse

59:50  The Bug & Earth - Agoraphobia

64:04  Jesu & Sun Kil Moon - Father's Day

70:04  Sunn O))) & Boris - The Sinking Belle (Blue Sheep)

Download

Spotify (38/44) combines all three mixes

485 Same Name

There are many occasions where bands have the same names.  Sometimes ending in lawsuits, other times they're pretty chill about it.  One I'm familiar with is Dinosaur Jr - they were originally called Dinosaur, then a group called Dinosaurs sued them saying it would be confusing for their fans, so they changed to Dinosaur Jr.  In hindsight, Dinosaurs wasn't more than a one off side project, and Dinosaur Jr has certainly eclipsed them in the history of rock N roll.   Another one of recent memory is when Lady Antebellum came to the late realization that their band name had racial undertones, so they changed to Lady A.  Not knowing there was an established jazz/R&B singer that went by that name.   The original Lady A sued and lost against the big powerhouse that is pop country lawyers.  The band tried to remove the racism from their name, only to sue a black woman out of her legal property and title.  Hmmmm.....

Here I've included several examples where bands share the same name, usually without conflict.  A few are loose, like Mono vs Monos.  Others are far too similar, like both electronic artists called Gas, or both thrash metal bands called Slayer.  I did find three called Black Lung, though the reggae artist goes by Blaak Lung.   I know the listener may see the name Ghost, and think I was going with that hard rock band.  No, sorry, I can't stand them and didn't want to include them here so I went with the other bands using that name.  Most of this mix is to illustrate the theme as I'm not a really big fan of most of these shared named groups (well I do like one of them enough, its their doppelganger that doesn't bring me much joy, like Him the goth metal band, they are just awful).

There are some examples I stayed away from, Like The Beat who now operate in two separate but distinct factions of former members.  Same with Faust or Goblin. When the original band split up, the members all claimed rights to the name and kept using it.  Those got a bit confusing so I omitted them from this mix.

I split this between familiars (to me), and doppelgangers (new ones to me, mostly).  Some like Monos, Gas, Jane, Death are grey areas as I'm very familiar with both sides.   The Spotify playlist doesn't have a lot of these, so it doesn't work as well for the comparisons.

Familiars:

00:00  Slayer - Black Magic

04:01  Death - Baptized in Blood

08:26  Ain Soph - Uomini Perduti

11:03  Jane - Its A Fine Day

13:48  Nirvana - D7

17:31  Ceremony - Nothing In The Sun

21:02  Fuel - Untitled

24:57  Catherine Wheel - I Want To Touch You

29:31  Dinosaur Jr - Little Furry Things

32:29  The Charlatans - The Only One I Know

36:18  Felt - Primitive Painters

42:09  Live - Operation Spirit (The Tyranny of Tradition)

45:20  Ghost - Daggma

53:48  HiM - Twirling Dub

59:35  Burial - Stolen Dog

65:46  Gas - Zauberberg 4

71:31  Black Lung - Question Two

75:20  Brume - Armada

78:27  Monos - Brittle

Download mix 1

  

Doppelgangers:

00:00  Slayer - If You Want Evil

04:41  Death - Politicians In My Eye

10:21  Ain Soph - Crossfire

13:14  Jane - Here We Are

18:44  Nirvana - Tiny Goddess

22:31  Ceremony - Carrying Flowers

23:32  Fuel - Audrey's Great Aunt Peggy Was Once A Synchronized Swimmer

27:29  Catherine Wheel - Reach

30:40  Dinosaurs - Who Makes The Moves

35:25  The Charlatans - Codine

37:44  Felt - All I Can Do

41:43  Live - Peer Gynt

48:48  Ghost feat Kashmere, Verb T, Asaviour - Seldom Seen Often Heard

52:05  Him - Wicked Game

55:56  Burial - Traumatized

60:44  Gas - Microscopic

70:31  Blaak Lung - Million Miles From Home

74:48  Black Lung - Mind Is Lost

78:30  Brume - Jimmy

84:51  Mono - Are You There?

Download mix 2

Spotify (29/39)

376 Shoegaze-ish mix 2

Next historical mix from 2010ish, and heading into the noisier side of shoegaze this time.  Half the mix are doubles from the same artist, the rest are not.  I really don't know what I was thinking, and probably lost sight of the "theme" as I was pulling tracks together.  

00:00  Readymade - Maryland, That Means Good

00:29  A Place To Bury Strangers - I Know I'll See You

04:28  A Place To Bury Strangers - Just Out Of Reach (JAMC)

07:55  The Raveonettes - I Wanna Be Adored (Stone Roses)

11:28  The Raveonettes - Young and Beautiful

14:30  Ceremony - Nothing In The Sun

18:02  Ceremony - No Good For You

21:27  Skywave - Wear This Dress

24:08  Skywave - Over and Over

28:37  Have A Nice Life - Trespassers W

34:17  The Legends - Seconds Away

36:10  To Kill A Petty Bourgeoisie - I Box Twenty

40:16  We Were Promised Jetpacks - This Is My House, This Is My Home

43:23  Cut City - Like Ashes Like Millions

48:10  Cut City - Such Verve

51:08  Ringo Deathstarr - Some Kind of Sad

53:05  Fleeting Joys - Lovely Crawl

56:35  Scarling - Wave of Mutilation (Pixies)

59:19  Jesu - The Funeral Party (The Cure)

Download

Spotify

photo credit: Golden Railroad Museum

325 Top Ten EPs

I seem to gravitate toward and appreciate the EP format more than full lengths.  As a general statement, I like material from groups on EPs the most, I think it hides their best deep cuts and gives more experimental freedom than working to keep a concept or theme for a full length album.  Here's my list of top ten (in no particular order) EPs that I've collected.  Starting it off with Future Sound of London who I knew from Papua New Guinea, and picked this EP up based on its creating title.  The music was nothing like what I expected and I much preferred this to the more straightforward techno I assumed they were lumped together with.  The whole EP is a fantastic 20 minute journey through several different styles and I love every minute of it.  It is because of this EP that I continue my exploration of everything FSOL releases, there are just so many hidden gems in their catalog.  Next is Daughter, who I came across by my wife around 2013 or so.  She said she loved their music while we were watching Marie Antoinette one evening (though they have nothing to do with that film).  I bought this 10" and thought it was so well done, and gave some umph to the indie folk sound.  Even though I hear this track everywhere from soundtracks to commercials to intermission music on NPR, I still love it.  The album version of this track seems to have lost some of the impact, it felt almost tamed down.  Then His Name Is Alive again, yes because they are just that great.  This is the best 12" from them, hands down.  Its the simple folk singalong style of this track that endears them most to me.  

Next is a two for one, as I felt like I won the lottery when I came across both of these groups.  First Derniere Volonte, and their French Miltant Pop sound came across like a lightning bolt.  Powerful and catchy, and adding the doomy neo-folk and experimentalism of Novy Svet created some real synergy here.  Novy Svet is my real win here, and I've spent a lot tracking down most of their catalog.  So diverse, so bizarre, and so wonderful.  They are something special.  

Volcano the Bear was so unique, like freak folk and lo-fi and free jazz, and hidden underneath a series of catchy melodies and shimmering beauty.  Honestly, I dialed in the playlist entry here, which though its a great song, I recall rushing through this and not pulling out "Yak Folks Y'Are" which was my entry point to their wonderfully wacky world.  Up next is Stereolab and Nurse With Wound collaborating on the krautrock homage across two EPs.  This was my first real exposure to Stereolab, aside from hearing them on MTV occasionally.  Nurse With Would certainly plied their alchemy with the source material, and the results are just mind melting.  I could've picked any of the collaborations from Crumb Duck or Trippin with the Birds, as they are all equally amazing.

The first time I heard the Twilight Sad I was blown away.  This track in particular comes through like a jet engine over headphones.  The singer's thick accent, the nostalgic lyrics, the crushing wall of noise from the band.  This was certainly too good to last, and they've mellowed in recent years (in my opinion).  Then there is the collaboration of Dalek and Techno Animal, where adding lyrics to this track on their remix made it so much more than it was on its own.  I'd already been a devotee to the JK Broadrick club and was diving in deep on every side project he had, when I came across the deep and esoteric lryics of Dalek that really captured my attention.  I of course grabbed up all the Dalek albums I could fine ("Absence" could have easily made the top LPs list). 

The last two tracks are in stark contrast of each other.  First is Isis (the band) which sadly had to clarify their name posthumously because of the changing political landscape.   Still, they earned their genre defining place in post-metal lore.  From their sludgy blackened beginnings to the sheer bliss of their post-metal endings and every step in-between, they've been in constant play on my turntable.  I do regret that I missed seeing Jesu open for them on a tour in the early 2000's.  Wish I'd gone to that one.  The Red Sea EP was the first I came across back in the day, and I think it was the recognizable David Lynch samples that kept my attention and then the music came and crushed me like a tsunami.  Ending it all with Autechre, because this EP was constantly by my side for high school and college, and many years afterwards.  Its diverse, dark, unparalleled in its day and showed that Autechre was a standout from their peers.  

00:00  Future Sound of London - Smokin Japanese Babe (Far-Out Son of Lung and Ramblings of a Madman)

05:26  Daughter - Youth (The Wild Youth)

09:32  His Name Is Alive - We Hold The Land in Great Esteem (The Dirt Eaters)

13:25  Derniere Volonte + Novy Svet - Mon Mercenaire (split 7")

17:55  Volcano The Bear - My Favourite Lungs (My Favourite Lungs)

24:33  Stereolab + Nurse With Wound - Exploding Head Movie (Crumb Duck)

29:18  The Twilight Sad - But When She Left, Gone was the Glow (s/t EP)

33:11  Dalek + Techno Animal - Classical Homicide (Remix) (Classical Homicide / Megaton)

37:24  Isis (the band) - Red Sea (Red Sea)

44:29  Autechre - Bcdtmx (Basscadet)

Download

Spotify (less than half these versions are on spotify)

photo credit: I love novelty named beers

294b - My Bloody Valentine - Overview

Unlike the Joy Division book and mix, I DO want to share my take on an overview of MBV.  While I stayed away from the first half of their career for this selection (similar to the book), this mix focuses on the Creation and onwards period, up to their reunion.  I did my best to limit this to only three tracks per album/EP, and then threw in some oddities and rarities to keep it interesting.   They're still one of my favorite bands, and I remember how blown away I was when I blindly dove into "Isn't Anything."  Loved them even more when I read in an interview that they are named after the wonderful Canadian horror film from 1981.

00:00  Soft as Snow (But Warm Inside) (Isn't Anything)

02:19  (When You Wake) You're Still In A Dream (Isn't Anything)

05:33  Nothing Much To Lose (Isn't Anything)

08:47  You Made Me Realise (You Made Me Realise)

12:28  Feed Me With Your Kiss (Feed Me With Your Kiss)

16:19  Cigarette In Your Bed (You Made Me Realise)

19:44  Drive It All Over Me (You Made Me Realise)

22:43  I Believe (Feed Me With Your Kiss)

25:37  Emptiness Inside (Feed Me With Your Kiss)

28:20  Bilinda Song (Unreleased)

33:00  Honey Power (Tremelo)

37:33  Swallow (To Here Knows When)

41:09  To Here Knows When (To Here Knows When)

45:47  Only Shallow (Loveless)

50:04  When You Sleep (Loveless)

54:08  Soon (Loveless)

60:54  Map Reference 41 N 93 W (Wire) (Whore)

64:52  Incidental Peace (Offbeat)

70:16  Are You Awake (Lost In Translation)

Download

photo credit: promo poster for 1981 film

294a - 33 1/3 Loveless (Book) - Author's Choice

Another round of 33 1/3 book where the author lists their take on related music.  If memory serves (read the book over a year ago), this list was "They Did It First" sort of thing, saying that MBV was the pinnacle of a noisy shoegaze genre that had been building for decades up to that point.  Lots of long, freak-out jams on this one.  I like this selection, except for the last track, I really struggle seeing the relation to MBV or the genre at all.

00:00  Sonic Youth - Shadow of a Doubt

03:21  Psychic TV - Eden 3

04:54  The Red Crayola - Pink Stainless Tail

08:09  Brian Eno - Needle In The Camel's Eye

11:02  The Jesus and Mary Chain - Never Understand (Alternate version)

14:23  Faust - Krautrock

26:01  White Noise - The Black Mass: An Electric Storm In Hell

33:00  Ash Ra Temple - Amboss

51:59  Husker Du - Reoccurring Dreams

65:03  Psychic TV - Eden 1

68:45  Spacemen 3 - Ecstasy In Slow Motion

77:07  Terry Riley - Poppy Nogood and the Phantom Band

98:37  The Byrds - 5D (Fifth Dimension)

Download

photo credit: book cover

253 - Terminal Cheesecake

Great band name, diverse sound, and lots of fun to be had.  The first 10 tracks are from TC, then the last six track are from their pseudonym Bud Alzir where they focused on just dub music to great effect.

00:00  Dame Clara Butt

00:54  Tiny Forehead

03:27  Obscured (!)

08:37  Shit Pump

11:01  Ceiling on Fire Eggs

14:29  Herbal Alien Flavour

22:42  Tibetan Lift Off

27:50  God's Turban and Tutu

38:00  Oily Bud

44:43  Mexical

47:02  See Them

53:17  Morocco

57:17  Bud of Alzir

62:18  Bud Vibration

67:59  Jah Lick

73:54  Return Dub

Download

photo credit: discogs

252 - HNIA Relatives

Not to be left out, all the friends and family for His Name Is Alive.  Projects from Time Stereo, featuring members of HNIA, or productions of Warn's.  Diverse and wonderful music.

00:00  Saturday Looks Good To Me - Meet Me By The Water

02:58  Monster Island - Calling All Monsters

05:59  Liquorice - Farm (Team Player)

09:40  Denise James - Schools Out (Alice Cooper)

12:57  Monster Island - Happy Girl

16:02  Alan Scheurman - Starless

20:17  ESP Summer - Grow

23:33  Tarnation - Gentle Creatures

24:55  Elizabeth Mitchell - Little Sack Of Sugar

26:46  New Grape - track 03

29:33  Warn Defever - Which Will

32:03  ESP Family - Jubilee

35:28  Godzuki - Toast

38:12  Velour 100 - Pressed Flower

42:55  The Dirt Eaters - No Xpressway

46:04  Saturday Looks Good To Me - Alcohol

48:10  Godzuki - Clapton

50:03  Warn Defever - Sunrise

56:27  Persona vs Control Panel - track 03

60:16  Warn Defever - Broken Tango track 01

61:15  Velour 100 - Control Panel

65:49  IDA - Shotgun (Warn Defever remix)

69:52  Luminous Orange - Puppy Dog Mail (Fast)

73:35  Thurston Moore - Roots (remix by Warren Defever)

77:27  Persona - Thumper (Warn Defever remix)

Download

photo credit:  Time Stereo Man Machine

Episode 198 - A Ceremony To Bury Skywave

These three things are related.  Skywave started it as noise rock / shoegaze supreme.  When they split up, half became Ceremony and half became A Place To Bury Strangers.  I was first introduced to a place to bury strangers  through a Brainwashed.com enthusiastic review, and I dove in head first.  Like the noisy era of Echo & The Bunnymen & Jesus and Mary Chain, all done with "Pornography" era Cure darkness.  

00:00  a place to bury strangers  - Never Going Down

02:50  Skywave - Over and Over

07:24  a place to bury strangers  - Missing You

11:10  Ceremony - Nothing In The Sun

14:40  a place to bury strangers  - Another Step Away

18:30  Skywave - Wear This Dress

21:13  a place to bury strangers  - My Weakness

23:43  Ceremony - Not Tonight

26:48  a place to bury strangers  - 54 40 (Dead Moon)

29:56  Skywave - Adore

32:52  a place to bury strangers  - Don't Look Back (Dead Moon)

35:01  Skywave - Kiss

38:51  Ceremony - Dull Life

42:12  a place to bury strangers  - I Know I'll See You

46:10  Ceremony - Too Many Times

49:16  a place to bury strangers  - To Fix The Gash In Your Head

53:01  Ceremony - No Good For You

56:24  a place to bury strangers  - Graveyard (Dead Moon)

58:36  Ceremony - For Her Smile

61:33  Skywave - Without You

65:21  a place to bury strangers  - Don't Burn The Fires (Dead Moon)

68:30  Skywave - Sunny Sunday Smile (My Bloody Valentine)

photo credit: screengrab from Brainwashed The Eye special on a place to bury strangers 

Episode 148 - The Twilight Sad's Early Years

I fell in love with their sound immediately upon hearing their debut EP.  It was cacophonous, amorous, and sheer bliss.  They had pop sensibilities intertwined with Sonic Youth-esque wall of noise, and a signer not afraid to hide his thick accent.  I haven't been as enamored with their more recent albums, though they are getting the attention they have rightly earned.  These early tracks with their long titles akin to post rock of the early 2000's make for a solid mix tape showing the roots of this excellent rock band.

00:00  But When She Left, Gone Was The Glow

03:41  Last Year's Rain Didn't Fall Quite So Hard

06:11  Talking With Fireworld/Here, It Never Snowed

10:56  And She Would Darken The Memory (edit)

15:27  The Summer, At Home I Had Become The Invisible Boy

19:47  I Was Hoping The Winter Was Over

22:51  Half A Person (The Smiths)

26:11  Cold Days From The Birdhouse

32:12  Twenty Four Hours (Joy Division)

37:10  Untitled #4

45:25  2d

48:13  Walking For Two Hours

52:33  The Neighbours Can't Breathe

57:50  The Room

62:19  I Became a Prostitute

67:25  That Birthday Present

72:12  Untitled #27

photo credit: Sad Twilight Sparkle

Episode 130 - The Sides of Justin K Broadrick

Justin K Broadrick is a very talented and diverse musician.  I first came across his music through Godflesh's "Streetcleaner."  As I did my researching (before the internet is what it is today) I slowly found him popping up on other CDs I had.  I've always maintained an interest in his projects, as they are all over the genre map, yet you can always tell when he is involved in a project.   For this mix, I included most of the significant side projects, and I know I left so many off.  The man is so prolific Its hard to cover it all.  

I have forthcoming mixes that will cover Godflesh and Justin's extensive remix catalog.

00:00 Napalm Death - Instinct of Survival

02:19 Scorn - Lick Forever Dog (edit)

05:15 Sweet Tooth - Ultimate Muscle Bible

09:12 Head of David - Roadkill

13:07 Fall of Because - Devastator

16:12 God - Return to Hell

21:36 Dalek - Classical Homicide (Techno Animal remix)

26:21 Jesu - Farewell

32:34 Pale Sketcher - Warm Sunday

37:13 The Blood of Heroes - Remain (The Blood of Heroes Rehearsal Version)

40:23 Khost - A Shadow on the Wound

47:47 Zonal - Skag

52:14 Grey Machine - We Are All Fucking Liars (Version)

60:11 Ice - Year of the Snake

64:21 JK Flesh - Trinity

68:53 The Sidewinder - Track 2 (Colonized)

72:20 Solaris BC - 3.2

76:19 Tech Level 2 - Hymn

82:20 Final - Awake But Numb

Download

photo credit: Justin live photo from Equipboard.com

Episode 23 - Poppy and a bit Punk, with a slathering of noise

Not pop-punk, but punk with a bit of pop thrown in.  Mixed up with some post-punk and noise-rock.  This mix is fun and solid as a rock.

00:00  The Gaslight Anthem – Great Expectations

02:57  Death on Wednesday – Stranded

07:01  Waxwing – Spanish Quartet

09:58  Dancing French Liberals of ’48 – The Spaghetti Song

12:55  Crackerbash – I Don’t Know What I Am / Mystery (Wipers cover)

17:21  And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead – Another Morning Stoner

21:23  aMiniature – Singer’s Strut

24:18  A Place To Bury Strangers – The Problem (The Prids cover)

26:27  800Beloved – The Skeleton Collection

30:31  The Soft Moon – Breathe the Fire

33:34  Skywave – Over and Over

38:06  Ikara Colt – Don’t They Know

41:42  French Films – Golden Sea

43:47  The Twilight Sad – But When She Left, Gone Was the Glow

47:37  The Prids – I’m Sorry

50:08  Dinosaur Jr. – In A Jar

53:22  Sonic Youth – Dirty Boots

57:00  Lush – Mannequin (Wire cover)

59:21  Nerve City – Sleepwalker

61:17  Frightened Rabbit – Radio Silence

65:23  Ned’s Atomic Dustbin – Titch

68:25  Crackerbash – The World According to Nouns (The Minutemen cover)

70:54  Catherine Wheel – Kill Rhythm

74:42  Ringo Deathstarr – Some Kind of Sad

Download

Photo Credit: Found image of Ripening Poppy Pod, from Nat’l Geographic